Postoperative delirium is a common and serious complication that occurs in a subset of surgical patients, particularly in older adults. It is characterized by acute and fluctuating changes in mental status, including confusion, disorientation, and altered perception. Postoperative delirium can lead to longer hospital stays, increased risk of complications, and a higher mortality rate. Research in this area focuses on identifying risk factors for postoperative delirium, understanding its underlying mechanisms, and developing interventions to prevent or manage this condition. Possible risk factors include older age, pre-existing cognitive impairment, certain medications, and the type of surgery performed. Treatment strategies may involve early identification and management of delirium triggers, optimizing pain control, and providing environmental support to promote orientation and comfort for affected patients. By advancing our understanding of postoperative delirium and implementing targeted interventions, researchers aim to improve patient outcomes and enhance the quality of care for surgical patients.